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            <h1>Regret Minimization in Games with Incomplete Information (CFR)</h1>
<p>The paper <a href="http://martin.zinkevich.org/publications/regretpoker.pdf">Regret Minimization in Games with Incomplete Information</a> introduces counterfactual regret and how minimizing counterfactual regret through self-play can be used to reach Nash equilibrium. The algorithm is called Counterfactual Regret Minimization (<strong>CFR</strong>).</p>
<p>The paper <a href="http://mlanctot.info/files/papers/nips09mccfr.pdf">Monte Carlo Sampling for Regret Minimization in Extensive Games</a> introduces Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization (<strong>MCCFR</strong>), where we sample from the game tree and estimate the regrets.</p>
<p>We tried to keep our Python implementation easy-to-understand like a tutorial. We run it on <a href="kuhn/index.html">a very simple imperfect information game called Kuhn poker</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/labmlai/annotated_deep_learning_paper_implementations/blob/master/labml_nn/cfr/kuhn/experiment.ipynb"><img alt="Open In Colab" src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg"></a></p>
<p><a href="https://twitter.com/labmlai/status/1407186002255380484"><img alt="Twitter thread" src="https://img.shields.io/twitter/url?style=social&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Flabmlai%2Fstatus%2F1407186002255380484"></a> Twitter thread</p>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>We implement Monte Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization (MCCFR) with chance sampling (CS). It iteratively, explores part of the game tree by trying all player actions, but sampling chance events. Chance events are things like dealing cards; they are kept sampled once per iteration. Then it calculates, for each action, the <em>regret</em> of following the current strategy instead of taking that action. Then it updates the strategy based on these regrets for the next iteration, using regret matching. Finally, it computes the average of the strategies throughout the iterations, which is very close to the Nash equilibrium if we ran enough iterations.</p>
<p>We will first introduce the mathematical notation and theory.</p>
<h3>Player</h3>
<p>A player is denoted by <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72243em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqef" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqef" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of players.</p>
<h3><a href="#History">History</a></h3>
<p>History <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqed" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is a sequence of actions including chance events,  and <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqed" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of all histories.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8193em;vertical-align:-0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqei" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⊆</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqed" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of terminal histories (game over).</p>
<h3>Action</h3>
<p>Action <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqce" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel" style="">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqed" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqed" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is a non-terminal <a href="#History">history</a>.</p>
<h3><a href="#InfoSet">Information Set <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></h3>
<p><strong>Information set</strong> <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqct" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcw" style=""><span class="mord mathcal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07382em">I</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> for player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> is similar to a history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqed" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> but only contains the actions visible to player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>. That is, the history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> will contain actions/events such as cards dealt to the opposing player while <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> will not have them.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqct" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcw" style=""><span class="mord mathcal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07382em">I</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is known as the <strong>information partition</strong> of player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdl" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of all histories that belong to a given information set; i.e. all those histories look the same in the eye of the player.</p>
<p><a id="Strategy"></a></p>
<h3>Strategy</h3>
<p><strong>Strategy of player</strong> <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6891em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is a distribution over actions <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span>, where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of all strategies for player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>. Strategy on <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.61508em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span>-th iteration is denoted by <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.943556em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqda" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p>Strategy is defined as a probability for taking an action <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span> in for a given information set <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span>,</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the <strong>strategy profile</strong> which consists of strategies of all players  <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.638891em;vertical-align:-0.208331em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is strategies of all players except <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><a id="HistoryProbability"></a></p>
<h3>Probability of History</h3>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.664392em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the probability of reaching the history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> with strategy profile <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span>. <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.108031em;vertical-align:-0.358031em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcm" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.664392em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcu" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcu" style="">)</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.161964em;"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.358031em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the probability of reaching <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> without player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>&#x27;s contribution;  i.e. player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> took the actions to follow <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> with a probability of <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0497em;vertical-align:-0.29969999999999997em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqco" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.664392em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcu" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcu" style="">)</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.161964em;"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29969999999999997em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the probability of reaching <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> with only player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>&#x27;s contribution. That is, <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.108031em;vertical-align:-0.358031em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqco" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcu" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcu" style="">)</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.161964em;"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29969999999999997em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcm" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcu" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcu" style="">)</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.161964em;"><span style="top:-2.4003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.358031em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>Probability of reaching a information set <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span> is, <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3794880000000003em;vertical-align:-1.329483em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.8478869999999998em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdl" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.329483em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<h3>Utility (Pay off)</h3>
<p>The <a href="#terminal_utility">terminal utility</a> is the utility (or pay off)  of a player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> for a terminal history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdm" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcy" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the expected utility (payoff) for player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> with strategy profile <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcy" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3794880000000003em;vertical-align:-1.329483em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.8478869999999998em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdm" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.329483em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcu" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><a id="NashEquilibrium"></a></p>
<h3>Nash Equilibrium</h3>
<p>Nash equilibrium is a state where none of the players can increase their expected utility (or payoff) by changing their strategy alone.</p>
<p>For two players, Nash equilibrium is a <a href="#Strategy">strategy profile</a> where</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0648000000000004em;vertical-align:-1.2824000000000002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7824000000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.9424em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2824000000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7824000000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.9424em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.52566em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7416285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3924000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.52566em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7416285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3924000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2824000000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-Nash equilibrium is,</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0648000000000004em;vertical-align:-1.2824000000000002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7824000000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.9424em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2824000000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.7824000000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.9424em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.52566em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7416285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3924000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.52566em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7416285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3924000000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8018919999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2824000000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h3>Regret Minimization</h3>
<p>Regret is the utility (or pay off) that the player didn&#x27;t get because  she didn&#x27;t follow the optimal strategy or took the best action.</p>
<p>Average overall regret for Player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the average regret of not following the optimal strategy in all <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span> rounds of iterations.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.138331em;vertical-align:-0.247em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0954490000000003em;vertical-align:-1.267113em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.177714285714286em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3222857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdg" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3280857142857143em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3756em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the strategy profile of all players in iteration <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.61508em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span>, and</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.093556em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>is the strategy profile <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> with player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>&#x27;s strategy replaced with <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.94736em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.688696em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p>The average strategy is the average of strategies followed in each round,  for all <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72243em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcw" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathcal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07382em">I</span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.841882em;vertical-align:-1.170941em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:cyan"><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.670941em;"><span style="top:-2.128769em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8525400000000001em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7253428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6897100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9722399999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqbd" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqbd" style="">)</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.170941em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>That is the mean regret of not playing with the optimal strategy.</p>
<p>If <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span> for all players then <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> is a <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdd" style=""><span class="mord" style="">2</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdh" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Nash equilibrium.</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:8.342229em;vertical-align:-3.9211145000000007em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.4211145em;"><span style="top:-7.3581195em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.8697835em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.4743344999999994em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9211145000000007em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.4211145em;"><span style="top:-7.3581195em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-4.8697835em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.177714285714286em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3222857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdg" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3280857142857143em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3756em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.4743344999999994em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.177714285714286em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3222857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdg" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3280857142857143em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3756em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcb" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mbin mtight" style="">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.9211145000000007em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>Since <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> because it&#x27;s a zero-sum game, we can add <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0894389999999998em;vertical-align:-0.24810799999999997em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4518920000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.24810799999999997em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and the second term will cancel out.</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.395449em;vertical-align:-1.4477245em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9477245em;"><span style="top:-3.9477245em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdd" style=""><span class="mord" style="">2</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdh" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4477245em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9477245em;"><span style="top:-3.9477245em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.36806em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.36806em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.301108em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.208331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4477245em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>The average of utilities over a set of strategies is equal to the utility of the average strategy.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0954490000000003em;vertical-align:-1.267113em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1413309999999999em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>Therefore,</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.5593910000000002em;vertical-align:-0.5296955em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0296955000000003em;"><span style="top:-3.1383645000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdd" style=""><span class="mord" style="">2</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdh" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.5296955em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0296955000000003em;"><span style="top:-3.1383645000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.36806em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.36806em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.5296955em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>From the definition of <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.259391em;vertical-align:-0.36806em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.36806em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≥</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1413309999999999em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1413309999999999em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>Then,</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.1187820000000004em;vertical-align:-1.3093910000000002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8093910000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.91806em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdd" style=""><span class="mord" style="">2</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdh" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.358669em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdd" style=""><span class="mord" style="">2</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdh" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3093910000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8093910000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.91806em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.36806em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.358669em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.328331em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6771428571428572em;"><span style="top:-2.188485714285714em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.8448em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31151428571428574em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">Σ</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31731428571428577em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.36806em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7386959999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.3093910000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>This is <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdd" style=""><span class="mord" style="">2</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdh" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>-Nash equilibrium. You can similarly prove for games with more than 2 players.</p>
<p>So we need to minimize <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> to get close to a Nash equilibrium.</p>
<p><a id="CounterfactualRegret"></a></p>
<h3>Counterfactual regret</h3>
<p><strong>Counterfactual value</strong> <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the expected utility for player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> if  if player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> tried to reach <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span> (took the actions leading to <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span> with a probability of <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span>).</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.444646em;vertical-align:-1.394641em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqep" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdz" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.394641em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714392em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcx" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32808571428571426em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.20252142857142857em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mopen" style="">[</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">]</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqdw" style="">[</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqdw" style="">]</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqep" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdz" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of terminal histories reachable from <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span>, and <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mopen" style="">[</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">]</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the prefix of <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqep" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span></span></span></span> up to <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span>. <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.664392em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqdw" style="">[</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqdw" style="">]</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the probability of reaching z from <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mopen" style="">[</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">]</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p><strong>Immediate counterfactual regret</strong> is,</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.274439em;vertical-align:-0.383108em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">mm</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.274439em;vertical-align:-0.383108em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">a</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.17737em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">mm</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>where</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.274439em;vertical-align:-0.383108em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">mm</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0954490000000003em;vertical-align:-1.267113em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">→</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the strategy profile <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdp" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span> with the modification of always taking action <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span> at information set <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://martin.zinkevich.org/publications/regretpoker.pdf">paper</a> proves that (Theorem 3),</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.138331em;vertical-align:-0.247em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.3717110000000003em;vertical-align:-1.321706em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.8556639999999998em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcw" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathcal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07382em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.321706em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">mm</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.412972em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.372211em;vertical-align:-0.412972em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">mm</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.412972em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.274439em;vertical-align:-0.383108em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight">,</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">mm</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.383108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><a id="RegretMatching"></a></p>
<h3>Regret Matching</h3>
<p>The strategy is calculated using regret matching.</p>
<p>The regret for each information set and action pair <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> is maintained,</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.899005000000001em;vertical-align:-2.1995025000000004em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.6995025000000004em;"><span style="top:-5.6842825em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8435559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1959465em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.1995025000000004em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.6995025000000004em;"><span style="top:-5.6842825em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1959465em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8435559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.1995025000000004em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>and the strategy is calculated with regret matching,</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.9000399999999997em;vertical-align:-1.70002em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqb" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.2000199999999994em;"><span style="top:-4.200019999999999em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:4.05002em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">+</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="minner" style=""><span class="mopen" style=""><span class="delimsizing mult" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.05002em;"><span style="top:-2.49999em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎩</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.49199em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span style="height:0.016em;width:0.889em"><svg height="0.016em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.889em" viewbox="0 0 889 16" width="0.889em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M384 0 H504 V16 H384z M384 0 H504 V16 H384z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-3.15001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎨</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.292009999999999em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span style="height:0.016em;width:0.889em"><svg height="0.016em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.889em" viewbox="0 0 889 16" width="0.889em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M384 0 H504 V16 H384z M384 0 H504 V16 H384z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.30002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0420485em;"><span style="top:-4.0420485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2158449999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.509755em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mop mtight coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op mtight" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.28539000000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.2853899999999996em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.6068285714285713em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8495600000000001em;"><span style="top:-2.84956em;margin-right:0.1em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.55556em;"></span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.5000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace mtight" style="margin-right:0.19516666666666668em"></span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9717785714285714em;"><span style="top:-2.177714285714286em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.9836857142857145em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32228571428571423em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen mtight" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.5356em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9717785714285714em;"><span style="top:-2.177714285714286em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.9836857142857145em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3222857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen mtight" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8402519999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.1937965em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.845108em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mopen mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">)∣</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.52em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5420485em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:1em;"></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0420485em;"><span style="top:-4.0420485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord text" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord" style="">f</span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.22528999999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.47471em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel coloredeq eqbg" style="">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.1937965em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord text" style=""><span class="mord" style="">o</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mord" style="">erw</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord" style="">se</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5420485em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.70002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel coloredeq eqz" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="delimsizing size2" style=""><span style="">(</span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span><span class="mpunct coloredeq eqz" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style="">0</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="delimsizing size2" style=""><span style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>The paper The paper <a href="http://martin.zinkevich.org/publications/regretpoker.pdf">Regret Minimization in Games with Incomplete Information</a> proves that if the strategy is selected according to above equation <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> gets smaller proportionate to <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.383108em;vertical-align:-0.538em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.845108em;"><span style="top:-2.537397em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord sqrt mtight"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9322900000000001em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="padding-left:0.833em"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.89229em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail mtight" style="min-width:0.853em;height:1.08em;"><svg height="1.08em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin slice" viewbox="0 0 400000 1080" width="400em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M95,702
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M834 80h400000v40h-400000z"></path></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.10770999999999997em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.538em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>, and therefore reaches <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">ϵ</span></span></span></span></span></span>-<a href="#NashEquilibrium">Nash equilibrium</a>.</p>
<p><a id="MCCFR"></a></p>
<h3>Monte Carlo CFR (MCCFR)</h3>
<p>Computing <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.05222em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> requires expanding the full game tree on each iteration.</p>
<p>The paper <a href="http://mlanctot.info/files/papers/nips09mccfr.pdf">Monte Carlo Sampling for Regret Minimization in Extensive Games</a> shows we can sample from the game tree and estimate the regrets.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.78055em;vertical-align:-0.09722em;"></span><span class="mord mathcal">Q</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is a set of subsets of <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqei" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span> (<span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdy" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⊆</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqei" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span>) where we look at only a single block <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdy" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> in an iteration. Union of all subsets spans <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqei" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span> (<span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">∩</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.55556em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">∩</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8777699999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqei" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span>). <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.716668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeb" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the probability of picking block <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdy" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdv" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the probability of picking <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqep" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span></span></span></span></span> in current iteration; i.e. <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdv" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.24703em;vertical-align:-0.49703em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em;">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.17862099999999997em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqen" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">:</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqde" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdy" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3280857142857143em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2818857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.49703em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeb" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> - the sum of <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.716668em;vertical-align:-0.286108em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeb" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.969438em;vertical-align:-0.286108em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqde" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdy" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.311664em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p>Then we get <strong>sampled counterfactual value</strong> fro block <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.85396em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqen" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span></span>,</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord accent" style="color:pink"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;color:pink">σ</span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink">∣</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.813096em;vertical-align:-1.491656em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.8556639999999998em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqde" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdy" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">Q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3280857142857143em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2818857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.491656em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdv" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.714392em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcx" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32808571428571426em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.20252142857142857em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mopen" style="">[</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">]</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqdw" style="">[</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdw" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqdw" style="">]</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqep" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>The paper shows that</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathbb">E</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166400000000005em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqen" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∼</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeb" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3280857142857143em;"><span style="top:-2.357em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2818857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.34731999999999996em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">[</span></span><span class="mord accent" style="color:pink"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;color:pink">σ</span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink">∣</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqen" style="margin-right:0.05724em">j</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">]</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>with a simple proof.</p>
<p>Therefore we can sample a part of the game tree and calculate the regrets. We calculate an estimate of regrets</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.093556em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.19444em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8435559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:coral">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:coral">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:coral">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.093556em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.093556em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>And use that to update <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> and calculate  the strategy <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0913309999999998em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">+</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> on each iteration. Finally, we calculate the overall average strategy <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cyan"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>
<p>Here is a <a href="kuhn/index.html">Kuhn Poker</a> implementation to try CFR on Kuhn Poker.</p>
<p><em>Let&#x27;s dive into the code!</em></p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">328</span><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">typing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">NewType</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Callable</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cast</span>
<span class="lineno">329</span>
<span class="lineno">330</span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">labml</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">monit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tracker</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">logger</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">experiment</span>
<span class="lineno">331</span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">labml.configs</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">BaseConfigs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">option</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-1'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-1'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>A player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72243em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqef" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqef" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em">N</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of players </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">334</span><span class="n">Player</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NewType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Player&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-2'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-2'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Action <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqce" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel" style="">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqed" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqed" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is a non-terminal <a href="#History">history</a> </p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">336</span><span class="n">Action</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NewType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Action&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-3'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-3'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> <a id="History"></a></p>
<h2>History</h2>
<p>History <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdk" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqed" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is a sequence of actions including chance events,  and <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqed" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em">H</span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of all histories.</p>
<p>This class should be extended with game specific logic.</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">339</span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">History</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
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    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-4'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-4'>#</a>
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            <p> Whether it&#x27;s a terminal history; i.e. game over. <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdm" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">351</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_terminal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
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    <div class='section' id='section-5'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-5'>#</a>
            </div>
            
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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">356</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
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    <div class='section' id='section-6'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-6'>#</a>
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            <p> <a id="terminal_utility"></a> Utility of player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> for a terminal history. <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdm" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">358</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">terminal_utility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Player</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
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    <div class='section' id='section-7'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-7'>#</a>
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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">364</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
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    <div class='section' id='section-8'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-8'>#</a>
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            <p> Get current player, denoted by <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeg" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span>, where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeg" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span></span></span></span></span> is known as <strong>Player function</strong>.</p>
<p>If <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdf" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeg" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqdt" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqdt" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqek" style="">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> it means that current event is a chance <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqek" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">c</span></span></span></span></span></span> event. Something like dealing cards, or opening common cards in poker.</p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">366</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">player</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Player</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
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    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-9'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-9'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">373</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
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    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-10'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-10'>#</a>
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            <p> Whether the next step is a chance step; something like dealing a new card. <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdf" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeg" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqdt" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqdt" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqek" style="">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">375</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_chance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-11'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-11'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">380</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
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    <div class='section' id='section-12'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-12'>#</a>
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            <p> Sample a chance when <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdf" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeg" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqdt" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqdt" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqek" style="">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">382</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">sample_chance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">Action</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-13'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-13'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">386</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-14'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-14'>#</a>
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            <p> Add an action to the history.</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">388</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__add__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Action</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-15'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-15'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">392</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-16'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-16'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Get <a href="#InfoSet">information set</a> for the current player</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">394</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">info_set_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-17'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-17'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">398</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-18'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-18'>#</a>
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            <p> Create a new <a href="#InfoSet">information set</a> for the current player</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">400</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">new_info_set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;InfoSet&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-19'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-19'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">404</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-20'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-20'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Human readable representation</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">406</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-21'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-21'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">410</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-22'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-22'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> <a id="InfoSet"></a></p>
<h2>Information Set <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">413</span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">InfoSet</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-23'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-23'>#</a>
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            <p>Unique key identifying the information set </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">421</span>    <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-24'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-24'>#</a>
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            <p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.58056em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, the <a href="#Strategy">strategy</a> of player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">423</span>    <span class="n">strategy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Action</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
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    <div class='section' id='section-25'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-25'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Total regret of not taking each action <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span>,</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:4.899005000000001em;vertical-align:-2.1995025000000004em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.6995025000000004em;"><span style="top:-5.6842825em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.19444em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8435559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1959465em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.1995025000000004em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.6995025000000004em;"><span style="top:-5.6842825em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1959465em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.19444em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8435559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:coral">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:coral">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:coral">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.1995025000000004em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>We maintain <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbt" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> instead of <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> since <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.190108em;vertical-align:-0.345em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcv" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.845108em;"><span style="top:-2.6550000000000002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.345em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> term cancels out anyway when computing strategy <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0913309999999998em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">+</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">438</span>    <span class="n">regret</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Action</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-26'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-26'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>We maintain the cumulative strategy <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0954490000000003em;vertical-align:-1.267113em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> to compute overall average strategy</p>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.841882em;vertical-align:-1.170941em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqn" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:cyan"><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.670941em;"><span style="top:-2.128769em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8525400000000001em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7253428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6897100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9722399999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqbd" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqbd" style="">)</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.170941em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">445</span>    <span class="n">cumulative_strategy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Action</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-27'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-27'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Initialize</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">447</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-28'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-28'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">451</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">key</span>
<span class="lineno">452</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regret</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">actions</span><span class="p">()}</span>
<span class="lineno">453</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumulative_strategy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">actions</span><span class="p">()}</span>
<span class="lineno">454</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calculate_strategy</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-29'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-29'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Actions <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdx" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">456</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">actions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Action</span><span class="p">]:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-30'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-30'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">460</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-31'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-31'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Load information set from a saved dictionary</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">462</span>    <span class="nd">@staticmethod</span>
<span class="lineno">463</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">from_dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="s1">&#39;InfoSet&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-32'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-32'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">467</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-33'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-33'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Save the information set to a dictionary</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">469</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">to_dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-34'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-34'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">473</span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="lineno">474</span>            <span class="s1">&#39;key&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="lineno">475</span>            <span class="s1">&#39;regret&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regret</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="lineno">476</span>            <span class="s1">&#39;average_strategy&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumulative_strategy</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="lineno">477</span>        <span class="p">}</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-35'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-35'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Load data from a saved dictionary</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">479</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">]):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-36'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-36'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">483</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regret</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;regret&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="lineno">484</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumulative_strategy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;average_strategy&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="lineno">485</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calculate_strategy</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-37'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-37'>#</a>
            </div>
            <h2>Calculate strategy</h2>
<p>Calculate current strategy using <a href="#RegretMatching">regret matching</a>.</p>
<span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.9000399999999997em;vertical-align:-1.70002em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqb" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.2000199999999994em;"><span style="top:-4.200019999999999em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:4.05002em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">+</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="minner" style=""><span class="mopen" style=""><span class="delimsizing mult" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.05002em;"><span style="top:-2.49999em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎩</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.49199em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span style="height:0.016em;width:0.889em"><svg height="0.016em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.889em" viewbox="0 0 889 16" width="0.889em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M384 0 H504 V16 H384z M384 0 H504 V16 H384z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-3.15001em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎨</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.292009999999999em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span style="height:0.016em;width:0.889em"><svg height="0.016em" preserveaspectratio="xMinYMin" style="width:0.889em" viewbox="0 0 889 16" width="0.889em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M384 0 H504 V16 H384z M384 0 H504 V16 H384z"></path></svg></span></span><span style="top:-4.30002em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.15em;"></span><span class="delimsizinginner delim-size4"><span>⎧</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.55002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0420485em;"><span style="top:-4.0420485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2158449999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.509755em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mop mtight coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op mtight" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.28539000000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.2853899999999996em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.6068285714285713em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8495600000000001em;"><span style="top:-2.84956em;margin-right:0.1em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.55556em;"></span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.5000100000000001em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace mtight" style="margin-right:0.19516666666666668em"></span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9717785714285714em;"><span style="top:-2.177714285714286em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.9836857142857145em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32228571428571423em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen mtight" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.5356em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9717785714285714em;"><span style="top:-2.177714285714286em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.9836857142857145em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3222857142857143em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen mtight" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8402519999999999em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.1937965em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.845108em;"><span style="top:-2.655em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mopen mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqcl" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight coloredeq eqcl" style="">)∣</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.394em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.52em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5420485em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:1em;"></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:2.0420485em;"><span style="top:-4.0420485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord text" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord" style="">f</span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.22528999999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.47471em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mrel coloredeq eqbg" style="">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style="">0</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.1937965em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.215845em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord text" style=""><span class="mord" style="">o</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mord" style="">erw</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span><span class="mord" style="">se</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.5420485em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.70002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p>where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel coloredeq eqz" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="delimsizing size2" style=""><span style="">(</span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span><span class="mpunct coloredeq eqz" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style="">0</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="delimsizing size2" style=""><span style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">487</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">calculate_strategy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-38'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-38'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.80002em;vertical-align:-0.65002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9592389999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.180908em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel coloredeq eqz" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqdu" style=""><span style="">m</span><span style="">a</span><span style="">x</span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="delimsizing size2" style=""><span style="">(</span></span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span><span class="mpunct coloredeq eqz" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style="">0</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqz" style=""><span class="delimsizing size2" style=""><span style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">506</span>        <span class="n">regret</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regret</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()}</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-39'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-39'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.5660100000000003em;vertical-align:-1.516005em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mop op-limits coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.808995em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.516005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9592389999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.180908em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.801892em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">508</span>        <span class="n">regret_sum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">regret</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-40'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-40'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>if <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.433949em;vertical-align:-0.47471em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.22528999999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.47471em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.751892em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style="">0</span></span></span></span></span></span>, </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">510</span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">regret_sum</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-41'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-41'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.141331em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">+</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.960188em;vertical-align:-1.323949em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.636239em;"><span style="top:-2.150761em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mop coloredeq eqbi" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.22528999999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6828285714285715em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">A</span><span class="mopen mtight" style="">(</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.47471em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6778919999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.9890000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6769999999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.959239em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1809080000000005em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mpunct mtight" style="">,</span><span class="mord mtight" style="">+</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.276864em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.323949em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">513</span>            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strategy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">regret_sum</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">regret</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()}</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-42'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-42'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Otherwise, </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">515</span>        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-43'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-43'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcl" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)∣</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">517</span>            <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regret</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-44'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-44'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.141331em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdj" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.891331em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mbin mtight" style="">+</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.25744em;vertical-align:-0.936em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqcl" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)∣</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">520</span>            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strategy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">regret</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()}</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-45'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-45'>#</a>
            </div>
            <h2>Get average strategy</h2>
<p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.841882em;vertical-align:-1.170941em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eql" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:cyan"><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.670941em;"><span style="top:-2.128769em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8525400000000001em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7253428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6897100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9722399999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqbd" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqbd" style="">)</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.170941em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">522</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_average_strategy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-46'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-46'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0954490000000003em;vertical-align:-1.267113em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">531</span>        <span class="n">cum_strategy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumulative_strategy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">actions</span><span class="p">()}</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-47'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-47'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0954490000000003em;vertical-align:-1.267113em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.344341em;vertical-align:-1.516005em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.808995em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">a</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.516005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">535</span>        <span class="n">strategy_sum</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cum_strategy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">())</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-48'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-48'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>If <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2809409999999999em;vertical-align:-0.29971000000000003em;"></span><span class="mop"><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em;">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9722399999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span>, </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">537</span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">strategy_sum</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-49'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-49'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.841882em;vertical-align:-1.170941em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eql" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:cyan"><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.670941em;"><span style="top:-2.128769em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8525400000000001em;"><span style="top:-2.4231360000000004em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0448000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7253428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.786em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.27686399999999994em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em"></span></span><span style="top:-3.6897100000000003em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mop coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.981231em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.2029em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.29971000000000003em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9722399999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqbd" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqbd" style="">)</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.170941em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">541</span>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">strategy_sum</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cum_strategy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()}</span></pre></div>
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            <p>Otherwise, </p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">543</span>        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
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            <p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcl" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)∣</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">545</span>            <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cum_strategy</span><span class="p">))</span></pre></div>
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            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1413309999999999em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:cyan"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.56778em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.25em;"><span class="mord" style="">ˉ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqcf" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcf" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqcf" style="">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.25744em;vertical-align:-0.936em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.32144em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqcl" style=""><span class="mopen" style="">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">A</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)∣</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.936em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">548</span>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cum_strategy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">()}</span></pre></div>
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            <p> Human readable representation</p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">550</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__repr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">554</span>        <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">NotImplementedError</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
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            <h2>Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) Algorithm</h2>
<p>We do chance sampling (<strong>CS</strong>) where all the chance events (nodes) are sampled and all other events (nodes) are explored.</p>
<p>We can ignore the term <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdv" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">q</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> since it&#x27;s the same for all terminal histories since we are doing chance sampling and it cancels out when calculating strategy (common in numerator and denominator).</p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">557</span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CFR</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
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            <p><span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcw" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathcal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07382em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> set of all information sets. </p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">570</span>    <span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">InfoSet</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
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            <ul><li><code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">create_new_history</span></code>
 creates a new empty history </li>
<li><code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">epochs</span></code>
 is the number of iterations to train on <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span> </li>
<li><code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">n_players</span></code>
 is the number of players</li></ul>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">572</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="lineno">573</span>                 <span class="n">create_new_history</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Callable</span><span class="p">[[],</span> <span class="n">History</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="lineno">574</span>                 <span class="n">epochs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="lineno">575</span>                 <span class="n">n_players</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">581</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">n_players</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">n_players</span>
<span class="lineno">582</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">epochs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">epochs</span>
<span class="lineno">583</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_new_history</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_new_history</span></pre></div>
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            <p>A dictionary for <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcw" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathcal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07382em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> set of all information sets </p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">585</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info_sets</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span></pre></div>
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            <p>Tracker for analytics </p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">587</span>        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracker</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">InfoSetTracker</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
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            <p> Returns the information set <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span> of the current player for a given history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">589</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_get_info_set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">History</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
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            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">593</span>        <span class="n">info_set_key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info_set_key</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="lineno">594</span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">info_set_key</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="lineno">595</span>            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">info_set_key</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">new_info_set</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="lineno">596</span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">info_set_key</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
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            <h3>Walk Tree</h3>
<p>This function walks the game tree.</p>
<ul><li><code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">h</span></code>
 is the current history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> </li>
<li><code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">i</span></code>
 is the player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span> that we are computing regrets of </li>
<li><a href="#HistoryProbability"><code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">pi_i</span></code>
</a> is  <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2309039999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqck" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9722399999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> </li>
<li><a href="#HistoryProbability"><code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">pi_neg_i</span></code>
</a> is  <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.289235em;vertical-align:-0.316995em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9722399999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.316995em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></li></ul>
<p>It returns the expected utility, for the history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.450201em;vertical-align:-1.400196em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbp" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400196em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> where <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> is the set of terminal histories with prefix <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>While walking the tee it updates the total regrets <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0999949999999998em;vertical-align:-0.258664em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8413309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.441336em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.258664em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span>.</p>

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        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">598</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">walk_tree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">History</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Player</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pi_i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pi_neg_i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
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    <div class='section' id='section-64'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-64'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>If it&#x27;s a terminal history <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdm" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> return the terminal utility <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdq" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span>. </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">619</span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_terminal</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="lineno">620</span>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">terminal_utility</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
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    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-65'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-65'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>If it&#x27;s a chance event <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdf" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeg" style="margin-right:0.13889em">P</span></span><span class="mopen coloredeq eqdt" style="">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqdt" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose coloredeq eqdt" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel" style="">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqek" style="">c</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> sample a and go to next step. </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">622</span>        <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_chance</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="lineno">623</span>            <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sample_chance</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="lineno">624</span>            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk_tree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pi_i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pi_neg_i</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
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    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-66'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-66'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Get current player&#x27;s information set for <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">627</span>        <span class="n">I</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_get_info_set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
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    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-67'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-67'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>To store <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.15557em;vertical-align:-0.40557em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbp" style=""><span class="mop" style=""><span class="mop op-symbol small-op" style="position:relative;top:-0.0000050000000000050004em">∑</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.17862099999999992em;"><span style="top:-2.40029em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.40557em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.664392em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">629</span>        <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-68'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-68'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>To store <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.450201em;vertical-align:-1.400196em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbe" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400196em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> for each action <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">633</span>        <span class="n">va</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-69'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-69'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Iterate through all actions </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">636</span>        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">actions</span><span class="p">():</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-70'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-70'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>If the current player is <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>, </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">638</span>            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">player</span><span class="p">():</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-71'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-71'>#</a>
            </div>
            <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.3644800000000004em;vertical-align:-1.4322400000000002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9322400000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.93224em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.02224em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4322400000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9322400000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.93224em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqck" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqda" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.02224em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4322400000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">643</span>                <span class="n">va</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk_tree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pi_i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">pi_neg_i</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-72'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-72'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Otherwise, </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">645</span>            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-73'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-73'>#</a>
            </div>
            <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.3644800000000004em;vertical-align:-1.4322400000000002em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9322400000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.93224em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.02224em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4322400000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.9322400000000002em;"><span style="top:-3.93224em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqck" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.02224em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqcg" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.02224em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">−</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">∗</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqda" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.4322400000000002em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">650</span>                <span class="n">va</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk_tree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pi_i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pi_neg_i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">])</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-74'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-74'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p><span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.450201em;vertical-align:-1.400196em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbp" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400196em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.266005em;vertical-align:-1.516005em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.808995em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">a</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">∈</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.516005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">[</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqda" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqee" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqej" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbe" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400196em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size4">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">655</span>            <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">va</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-75'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-75'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>If the current player is <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>, update the cumulative strategies and total regrets </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">659</span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">h</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">player</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-76'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-76'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Update cumulative strategies <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0954490000000003em;vertical-align:-1.267113em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbd" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">=</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span><span class="mopen" style="color:lightgreen">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:lightgreen">)</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.157819em;vertical-align:-1.329483em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">[</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.8478869999999998em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdl" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.329483em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">664</span>            <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">actions</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="lineno">665</span>                <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumulative_strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumulative_strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">pi_i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-77'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-77'>#</a>
            </div>
            <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:7.749200999999999em;vertical-align:-3.6246005em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-r"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.1246005em;"><span style="top:-7.1093805em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.19444em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8435559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2993805em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"></span></span><span style="top:-1.7708485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord coloredeq eqbt" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord coloredeq eqds" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913309999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.00773em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeh" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:orange">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:orange">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em"></span><span class="mord" style="color:orange"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:orange">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.6246005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:4.1246005em;"><span style="top:-7.1093805em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.32833099999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">v</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.22222em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:pink">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.843556em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:pink">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:pink"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:pink">)</span></span></span><span style="top:-5.2993805em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.02224em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.1130000000000004em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.305331em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord coloredeq eqel" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">h</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">(</span></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbe" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400196em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.0222399999999998em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8703428571428571em;"><span style="top:-2.931em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">∣</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3567071428571427em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">→</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.14329285714285717em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbp" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400196em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="delimsizing size2">)</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-1.7708485em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.828336em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.8283360000000002em;"><span style="top:-1.882887em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeo" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="">t</span></span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqec" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style="">1</span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.050005em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span style="top:-4.3000050000000005em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.267113em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord accent" style=""><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6678599999999999em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em">r</span></span><span style="top:-3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left:-0.19444em;"><span class="mord" style="">~</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8435559999999999em;"><span style="top:-2.4530000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="color:coral">(</span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="color:coral">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:coral"><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="color:coral">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:3.6246005em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">678</span>            <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">actions</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="lineno">679</span>                <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regret</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">pi_neg_i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">va</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-78'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-78'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Update the strategy <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.043556em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">682</span>            <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">calculate_strategy</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-79'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-79'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Return the expected utility for player <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqem" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span ><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.450201em;vertical-align:-1.400196em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqbp" style=""><span class="mop op-limits" style=""><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.050005em;"><span style="top:-1.855664em;margin-left:0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mrel mtight" style="">∈</span><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight coloredeq eqea" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqei" style="margin-right:0.07153em">Z</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.3487714285714287em;margin-right:0.07142857142857144em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.5em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15122857142857138em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="top:-3.0500049999999996em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.05em;"></span><span><span class="mop op-symbol large-op" style="">∑</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.400196em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em">π</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7143919999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqel" style="">h</span></span><span class="mpunct" style="">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="">u</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqem" style="">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqep" style="margin-right:0.04398em">z</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">686</span>        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">v</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-80'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-80'>#</a>
            </div>
            <h3>Iteratively update <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.043556em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord" style="color:lightgreen"><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord coloredeq eqdi" style=""><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqdp" style="margin-right:0.03588em">σ</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7935559999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style=""><span class="mord mtight" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal mtight coloredeq eqeo" style="">t</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqee" style="margin-right:0.07847em">I</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span><span class="mopen" style="">(</span><span class="mord" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal coloredeq eqej" style="">a</span></span><span class="mclose" style="">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></h3>
<p>This updates the strategies for <span ><span class="katex"><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord coloredeq eqeh" style=""><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em">T</span></span></span></span></span></span> iterations.</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">688</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">iterate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-81'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-81'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Loop for <code  class="highlight"><span></span><span class="n">epochs</span></code>
 times </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">696</span>        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">monit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iterate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Train&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">epochs</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-82'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-82'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Walk tree and update regrets for each player </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">698</span>            <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">n_players</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="lineno">699</span>                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk_tree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_new_history</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">cast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Player</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-83'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-83'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Track data for analytics </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">702</span>            <span class="n">tracker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_global_step</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="lineno">703</span>            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracker</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="lineno">704</span>            <span class="n">tracker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-84'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-84'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p>Print the information sets </p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">707</span>        <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-85'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-85'>#</a>
            </div>
            <h3>Information set tracker</h3>
<p>This is a small helper class to track data from information sets</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">710</span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">InfoSetTracker</span><span class="p">:</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-86'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-86'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Set tracking indicators</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">716</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-87'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-87'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">720</span>        <span class="n">tracker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_histogram</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;strategy.*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="lineno">721</span>        <span class="n">tracker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_histogram</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;average_strategy.*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="lineno">722</span>        <span class="n">tracker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_histogram</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;regret.*&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-88'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-88'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Track the data from all information sets</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">724</span>    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dict</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">InfoSet</span><span class="p">]):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-89'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-89'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">728</span>        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">I</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">info_sets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="lineno">729</span>            <span class="n">avg_strategy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_average_strategy</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="lineno">730</span>            <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">actions</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="lineno">731</span>                <span class="n">tracker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">({</span>
<span class="lineno">732</span>                    <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;strategy.</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">.</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="lineno">733</span>                    <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;average_strategy.</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">.</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">avg_strategy</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="lineno">734</span>                    <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;regret.</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">.</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">I</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">regret</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="lineno">735</span>                <span class="p">})</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-90'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-90'>#</a>
            </div>
            <h3>Configurable CFR module</h3>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">738</span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CFRConfigs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BaseConfigs</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-91'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-91'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">742</span>    <span class="n">create_new_history</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Callable</span><span class="p">[[],</span> <span class="n">History</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="lineno">743</span>    <span class="n">epochs</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1_00_000</span>
<span class="lineno">744</span>    <span class="n">cfr</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">CFR</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;simple_cfr&#39;</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-92'>
        <div class='docs doc-strings'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-92'>#</a>
            </div>
            <p> Initialize <strong>CFR</strong> algorithm</p>

        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">747</span><span class="nd">@option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">CFRConfigs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cfr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="lineno">748</span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">simple_cfr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">CFRConfigs</span><span class="p">):</span></pre></div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class='section' id='section-93'>
        <div class='docs'>
            <div class='section-link'>
                <a href='#section-93'>#</a>
            </div>
            
        </div>
        <div class='code'>
            <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="lineno">752</span>    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">CFR</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">create_new_history</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_new_history</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="lineno">753</span>               <span class="n">epochs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">epochs</span><span class="p">)</span></pre></div>
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